If 2022 turbocharged the green hydrogen economy, then 2023 is the start of a long slog for this nascent sector that is set to be the backbone for decarbonisation, transition and energy security strategies. Rystad Energy research has found that electrolyser capacity is expected to grow by 186% from 2022 to 2023. Attention is therefore turning to the supply chain capacity necessary for electrolyser production. Even though many of the raw materials needed for the sector’s growth have seen high price tags in recent years, Rystad Energy expects a 10-15% decrease in electrolyser service price inflation between 2022 and 2027, as green hydrogen adoption grows, and cost cuts are realised. Rystad Energy’s latest projection for green hydrogen production by 2030 is 24 million tonnes from 212 gigawatts (GW) of electrolysers, fueled by the latest round of incentives such as Inflation Reduction Act and Europe’s multitude of support schemes.
Currently, the two most common electrolyser technologies are alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) and polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). Both PEM electrolysers and AWE electrolysers have experienced particularly high inflation in the past 2 years – on average prices for PEM electrolyser components have spiked around 30%, while AWE costs increased around 21% over the 2020-2022 period. Platinum and iridium price volatility between January 2021 and January 2023 contributed to the recent inflation seen hitting catalyst coated membranes – and highlights the significant challenges coming with using iridium and platinum catalysts in PEM electrolysers.
Unfortunately, price volatility is not a thing of the past as both raw materials are some of the rarest in the world. Iridium is only found in 2 parts per billion (ppb) in the Earth’s crust, and platinum in 5 ppb. South Africa is responsible for 83% of global iridium supply and 70% of platinum supply at present. Prices for these metals are likely to increase in 2023 due to South Africa’s aging, fault-prone coal-fired power stations that threaten production amid power outages. However, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reported that the expected future use of iridium and platinum in catalyst coated membranes can be limited to 0.4 g/kW and 0.1 g/kW, respectively. Furthermore, researchers at the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) have already been able to develop a method which will require 200 times less iridium in the production of PEM electrolysers, while also improving efficiency. Iridium and platinum recycling could also help meet the growing demand for these precious metals coming from the hydrogen sector. In the longer term, Rystad Energy finds that the pace of PEM deployment will not be constrained by platinum and iridium supply if future technologies can enable the reduction in their usage by between 70-80%, and thus contribute to significant cost cuts associated with catalyst coated membranes (CCM).
“In the short term, electrolyser prices will start to decrease as key raw materials see their prices stabilise after a volatile period. In the medium to longer term technological innovation and efficiency gains will reduce the need for iridium, resulting in a significant cost reduction. However, unexpected jumps in costs could occur as iridium faces supply pressures as key producer South Africa faces power outages. This demonstrates how the energy transition will not be predictable with many betting that green hydrogen will take a similar path to photovoltaics which saw investment costs drop by around 80% between 2010 and 2020,” says Selena Remmen, supply chain analyst, Rystad Energy
Nickel and stainless-steel impact
Over the past year, the global nickel price has increased by 30% on average, with a much higher spike in June. This is largely attributed to a lower than usual Chinese output associated with COVID-19 lockdowns in the country, and sanctions against Russian raw materials. As AWE uses Raney nickel as a catalyst, and nickel for porous transport layers, bipolar plates, and end plates, the metal contributed to significant inflationary pressures since the beginning of 2020, with an average increase of 10% between 2021 to 2022. Furthermore, stainless-steel production accounts for approximately two thirds of global nickel demand. Nickel is used as an alloying material in stainless steel production to increase steel’s formability, weldability, and ductility, while also increasing its corrosion resistance. Due to the importance of nickel in stainless steel production, nickel prices are a large driver of the cost of stainless-steel. Stainless steel is a common material used in electrolysers, including PEM stack components such as bipolar and end plates, as well as balance of plant (BOP) components such as piping, valves, tanks, and pumps.
According to Rystad Energy research, the price of nickel is expected to continue its downward price trend and is estimated to fall towards USD 25,000/tonne (or lower) in 2023, due to the relaxing of Chinese zero-covid policies and additional Indonesian supply hitting the market. In addition, global steel prices are expected to lower as the US ramps up steel production and starts importing more from Europe (where prices are significantly lower). These price reductions should help reduce the cost of electrolyser components containing stainless steel and nickel.
There are many pathways to electrolyser cost cuts: reducing the presence of precious metals, increasing electrolyser efficiency, increasing production volumes, and automising manufacturing processes. Additionally, there are actual governmental supports to turn these pathways into realities too. For instance, the Important Project of Common European Interest (IPCEI) “Hy2Tech” EUR 5.4 billion fund released in 2022 or the recently announced Green Deal Industrial Plan where the bloc’s Innovation Fund will focus on scaling up manufacturing of electrolysers’ components among other. Overall, Rystad Energy expects that such cost cuts will help reduce electrolyser service price inflation by around 15% by 2027, and thus improve the economics of green hydrogen production.
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